Top 10 Signs and Symptoms of Cancer
As an oncologist, one of the most common questions I hear from patients and their families is: “How do I know if it’s cancer?” It’s a totally fair question — and an important one. The truth is, cancer can be sneaky. Some of its early symptoms might seem minor or even feel like everyday aches and pains. But the earlier we catch it, the better the chances of treating it effectively.
So today, let’s talk like real people. No scary jargon or overwhelming stats — just an honest conversation about the top 10 signs and symptoms of cancer you should never ignore. If anything on this list sounds familiar, don’t panic. It doesn’t automatically mean cancer, but it does mean it’s worth talking to your doctor.
1. Unexplained Weight Loss
Let’s start with one that surprises many people. Sure, lots of folks are trying to lose weight — but if you’re shedding pounds without trying, and especially if it’s 10 pounds or more, pay attention. This could be a red flag, especially with cancers like stomach, pancreatic, lung, or esophageal cancer.
Think about it: your body is using energy in a strange way, or something’s interfering with your ability to absorb nutrients. Either way, your doctor will want to take a closer look.
2. Persistent Fatigue
We all get tired. Life is busy! But cancer-related fatigue is something different. It doesn’t go away with rest, and it lingers — sometimes for weeks or months. It’s the kind of tired where getting out of bed feels like running a marathon.
Fatigue can be a symptom of many types of cancer, including leukemia and colon cancer. If you’re feeling totally wiped out for no obvious reason, it’s time to check in with your healthcare provider.
3. Lumps or Thickening Under the Skin
If you feel a new lump in your breast, testicle, or anywhere on your body, don’t brush it off. Not all lumps are cancer, but they do need to be checked. Some cancers form solid tumors, and these can often be felt before they can be seen.
Sometimes, the lump is painless — and that’s what makes it tricky. So yes, even if it doesn’t hurt, if it’s new or changing, let your doctor take a look.
4. Changes in Skin
Your skin can reveal a lot about what’s going on inside your body. While we often associate skin changes with skin cancer, other cancers can cause changes, too.
Here’s what to watch for:
- A mole that changes shape, color, or size
- A sore that doesn’t heal
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes)
- Darkened or reddened skin
Bottom line? If your skin is doing something new and unusual, don’t ignore it.
5. Persistent Cough or Hoarseness
Sure, a cough during cold and flu season isn’t unusual. But a cough that sticks around for weeks — especially without other signs of a cold — can be something more.
Cancers of the lungs, larynx (voice box), or even the thyroid can cause a nagging cough or a raspy voice. If your cough just won’t quit or you notice your voice sounds different and doesn’t return to normal, it’s time to investigate.
6. Changes in Bowel or Bladder Habits
Okay, we don’t always love talking about this stuff. But changes in how often you go to the bathroom, or how your body eliminates waste, can be an early cancer sign.
- Constipation or diarrhea that won’t go away?
- Blood in your stool or urine?
- Trouble urinating?
These can point to cancers of the colon, rectum, bladder, or prostate. Don’t suffer in silence — your doctor can help figure out what’s going on.
7. Pain That Doesn’t Go Away
Pain is tricky — it can come from anything from stress to injury. But persistent, unexplained pain that doesn’t go away (and especially pain that’s new or getting worse) deserves attention.
For example, back pain might be linked to ovarian or colon cancer. Headaches that don’t respond to usual treatment could be a red flag for brain tumors. Again, it doesn’t mean it’s cancer — but it means don’t wait.
8. Difficulty Swallowing
If eating has become uncomfortable, or you feel like food is getting “stuck” in your throat, take it seriously. Difficulty swallowing — especially if it happens often — can be a symptom of cancers of the esophagus or throat.
Sometimes it starts subtly, but it can progress quickly. If you’re avoiding certain foods or drinking more to “wash things down,” your body is sending you a message.
9. Unusual Bleeding or Discharge
Bleeding when you’re not supposed to be bleeding? That’s always a reason to call your doctor. This includes:
- Blood in urine or stool
- Unusual vaginal bleeding (especially after menopause)
- Nipple discharge (especially if bloody)
This could point to cancers of the uterus, cervix, colon, bladder, or breast.
10. Sores That Don’t Heal
Cuts and scrapes usually heal in a week or two. But if you have a sore — especially in your mouth, on your skin, or on your genitals — that just won’t go away, don’t ignore it. Non-healing sores can be a sign of skin cancer or oral cancers.
Smokers and people who drink heavily are at higher risk of oral cancer, and regular dental checkups can help spot problems early.
When to See a Doctor
If you’re nodding your head and thinking, “Wow, that sounds like me,” please don’t panic. Many of these symptoms can be caused by things other than cancer. But here’s the key: if something feels off, trust your gut.
Early detection saves lives. Always
Even if it turns out to be nothing serious, getting answers will give you peace of mind. And if it is something more — you’ve just given yourself a head start in treating it.
Final Thoughts
Talking about cancer is tough. No one wants to imagine it could happen to them or someone they love. But knowledge is power. The more you know, the more you can protect yourself and the people around you.
If you take one thing away from this blog, let it be this: listen to your body. It knows when something isn’t right. And when in doubt, reach out to a healthcare professional.
Stay informed, stay proactive — and never be afraid to ask questions. You’re not alone in this.
FAQs About Cancer Symptoms
Q: Do all cancers show symptoms early on?
A: Unfortunately, no. Some cancers are “silent” in the early stages. That’s why routine checkups and screenings are so important.
Q: Can these symptoms mean something other than cancer?
A: Absolutely. Many of these signs can be caused by other conditions — infections, hormonal imbalances, or chronic illnesses. But you should still get checked to be sure.
Q: What’s the best first step if I notice one of these symptoms?
A: Make an appointment with your primary care doctor. They may refer you to a specialist if needed.
Q: Is it okay to wait and see if symptoms go away?
A: If something lasts more than two weeks or keeps getting worse, don’t wait. Getting answers early makes a big difference.
Q: Should I be scared of getting screened for cancer?
A: Not at all. Screenings are often quick, simple, and can save your life. It’s always better to know.